Neurologic Localization and Diagnosis

Written for a wide range of neurology and non-neurology clinicians and residents, this book is a concise, easy-to-use guide to establishing a neurologic diagnosis. It uses an algorithmic, complaint-based approach to localizing the condition, developing a list of differential diagnoses, and focusing further evaluation on establishing the diagnosis. This text provides practical guidance for neurology residents, medical students, and neurologists, as well as nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and non-neurology physicians.

Table of Contents

• Cover

• Title page

• Table of Contents

• Copyright

• Preface

• Part 1: Approach to Neurologic Diagnosis

• Chapter 1. 1: Overview of Neurologic Diagnosis

• Abstract

• First Localize

• Then Diagnose

• Pitfalls in Localization and Diagnosis

• Chapter 1. 2: Taking a History

• Abstract

• Chief Complaint

• History of Present Illness

• Past Medical History

• Family History

• Social History

• Review of Systems

• Combining the Data

• Chapter 1. 3: The Neurologic Examination

• Abstract

• Mental Status

• Cranial Nerves

• Motor

• Sensory

• Coordination

• Gait

• Reflex

• Putting It Together

• Chapter 1. 4: Medical Examination in Neurologic Patients

• Abstract

• Basic Medical Examination

• Focused Medical Examination

• Recommended Examination Elements

• Chapter 1. 5: Synthesis of the Assessment and Plan

• Abstract

• Development of the Assessment and Plan

• Chapter 1. 6: Documenting and Presenting Findings

• Abstract

• Purpose

• Text Documentation

• Outline of the Elements

• Verbal Presentation

• Part 2: Clinical Neuroscience

• Chapter 2. 1: Overview of a Systems-Based Approach

• Abstract

• General Principles

• Systems

• Chapter 2. 2: Cerebral Hemispheres

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Structural Organization

• Functional Organization

• Chapter 2. 3: Basal Ganglia and Thalamus

• Abstract

• Basal Ganglia

• Thalamus

• Chapter 2. 4: Brainstem, Cerebellum, and Cranial Nerves

• Abstract

• Brainstem

• Cerebellum

• Cranial Nerves

• Chapter 2. 5: Spinal Cord

• Abstract

• Spinal Cord Organization

• Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

• Essentials of Localization

• Chapter 2. 6: Peripheral Nerves, Neuromuscular Junction, and Muscle

• Abstract

• Anatomy of the Peripheral Neuromuscular System

• Brachial Plexus

• lumbar and Sacral Plexus

• Peripheral Nerves

• Anatomy of the Neuromuscular Junction

• Anatomy of Muscle

• Part 3: Localization by Anatomy

• Chapter 3. 1: Cerebrum

• Abstract

• Functional Localization

• Cerebral Dominance and Functional Specialization

• Chapter 3. 2: Basal Ganglia and Thalamus

• Abstract

• Basal Ganglia

• Thalamus

• Chapter 3. 3: Cerebellum

• Abstract

• Diagnosis of Cerebellar Lesions

• Localization of Deficits

• Cerebellar Stroke

• Cerebellar Degenerations

• Tumors

• Chapter 3. 4: Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

• Abstract

• Brainstem Dysfunction

• Clinical Syndromes

• Chapter 3. 5: Spinal Cord

• Abstract

• Spinal Cord Anatomy and Localization

• Localization of Spinal Lesions

• Clinical Correlations

• Chapter 3. 6: Peripheral Nervous System

• Abstract

• Approach to Diagnosis

• Neuropathies

• Motor Neuron Disease

• Chapter 3. 7: Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle

• Abstract

• Neuromuscular Transmission Defects

• Myopathies

• Part 4: Localization by Dysfunction

• Chapter 4. 1: Mental Status

• Abstract

• Mini-Mental State Examination

• Montreal Cognitive Assessment

• Localization of Dysfunction

• Chapter 4. 2: Brainstem and Cranial Nerve Dysfunction

• Abstract

• Brainstem Localization

• Disorders of Olfaction

• Visual Disorders

• Dizziness and Hearing Loss

• Facial Weakness

• Dysarthria and Dysphagia

• Chapter 4. 3: Motor

• Abstract

• Motor System Localization

• Upper Versus Lower Motor Neuron

• Corticospinal Tract

• Peripheral Components

• Generalized Weakness

• Localization of Findings

• Chapter 4. 4: Sensory

• Abstract

• Sensory Systems Localization

• Cortical Lesions

• Thalamic Lesions

• Brainstem Lesions

• Spinal Cord Lesions

• Peripheral Nerve Lesions

• Chapter 4. 5: Coordination

• Abstract

• Localization of Coordination Control and Deficits

• Clinical Correlations

• Chapter 4. 6: Gait

• Abstract

• Physiology and Localization of Gait

• Types of Gait Abnormalities

• Gait Disorders

• Chapter 4. 7: Reflex Abnormalities

• Abstract

• Reflex Physiology

• Localization and Diagnosis of Reflex Findings

• Clinical Correlations

• Chapter 4. 8: Pain

• Abstract

• Headache

• Neuropathic Pain

• Clinical Syndromes

• Chapter 4. 9: Multisystem Disorders

• Abstract

• Overview

• Nutritional Deficiencies

• Toxic and Metabolic Disorders

• Autoimmune Disorders

• Genetic Disorders

• Chapter 4. 10: Psychiatric Disorders

• Abstract

• Psychiatric Disorders With Neurologic Manifestations

• Neurologic Complications in Patients with Psychiatric Disease

• Part 5: Diagnosis of Suspected Disorders

• Chapter 5. 1: Disorders of Mental Status

• Abstract

• Apraxia: Neurology of Learned Movement

• Agnosias: Neurology of Recognition

• Delirium

• Dementias

• Traumatic Brain Injury

• Chapter 5. 2: Speech and Language Disorders

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Evaluation of the Patient With Aphasia

• Motor Speech Disorders

• Muteness

• Aphasias

• Alexia and Agraphia

• Chapter 5. 3: Stroke and Other Vascular Disorders

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Clinical Presentation: Symptoms and Signs

• Localization of Specific Stroke Syndromes

• Differential Diagnosis

• Laboratory and Radiological Investigation

• Overview of Treatment

• Chapter 5. 4: Seizure Disorders

• Abstract

• Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy

• Clinical Features of Seizure Types

• Localization and Diagnosis of Epilepsy

• Diagnostic Approach to Patients With Seizures

• Chapter 5. 5: Neuromuscular Disorders

• Abstract

• Clinical Presentations of Neuromuscular Disorders

• Approach to Suspected Neuromuscular Disorders

• Specific Disorders

• Chapter 5. 6: Headache

• Abstract

• Principles

• Primary Headaches

• Secondary Headaches

• Headache Red Flags

• Chapter 5. 7: Movement Disorders

• Abstract

• Akinetic-Rigid Syndromes

• Tremor

• Disorders With Dystonia and/or Dyskinesia

• Chapter 5. 8: Visual Disorders

• Abstract

• Approach to Differential Diagnosis

• Prechiasmal Lesions

• Lesions of the Optic Chiasm

• Retrochiasmal Lesions

• Chapter 5. 9: Autoimmune Disorders

• Abstract

• Overview of Autoimmune Disorders

• Optic Neuritis

• Multiple Sclerosis

• Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

• Autoimmune Encephalitis

• Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

• Chapter 5. 10: Infectious Diseases

• Abstract

• Overview of Infectious Disease

• Infections of the Nervous System

• Neurologic Complications of Systemic Infections

• Chapter 5. 11: Tumors With Neurologic Involvement and Remote Effects of Tumors

• Abstract

• Clinical Presentation of Tumors With Neurologic Involvement

• Specific Disorders

• Remote Effects of Tumors

• Chapter 5. 12: Functional Disorders

• Abstract

• Overview of Functional Disorders

• Diagnosis of Select Functional Presentations

• References

• Index

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