Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport

Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport, Second Edition, concentrates on the various ways in which an athlete—whether the average participant or the elite competitor—can modify technique to achieve optimal performance. Its emphasis on athletic assessment and physical capacity modification provides a unique perspective that will help coaches and other sport professionals appraise the body structure of their athletes so that strengths can be fully utilized and weaknesses improved. The text also considers growth, development, and gender, and it makes readers aware of mechanical overstresses that can impair performance and cause injuries. The second edition has undergone a complete revision and is designed with practical application in mind. It includes chapter contributions by respected sport scientists presenting recent research and cutting-edge information on topics such as: * the development of improved training methods to increase explosive power, * the use of elastic energy in the development of power and speed, * the modification of strength and body composition to improve performance, and * the application of proportionality and posture to sport performance. Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport relies on current research findings and proven methods in developing physical athletic performance to help readers learn to recognize and use appropriate methods to develop optimal physical qualities for skilled performance. The text categorizes 30 international sports into nine distinct groups organized by common features: racket sports; aquatic sports; gymnastics and power sports; track, field, and cycling; mobile field sports; set field sports; court sports; contact field sports; and martial arts. Within each group, techniques that improve performance are analyzed with specific examples given from a variety of international coaches. The applied nature of the content is enhanced through a building-block approach that facilitates the understanding of the elements of human performance and how the interaction of those elements can be fine-tuned. The text employs a four-part structure: * Fundamental Concepts relate to assessment and modification of an athlete’s body structure, physical capacity, and technique, as well as talent identification and profiling. * Applied Anatomy provides both a theoretical framework for valid and reliable assessment and evidence-based modification of an athlete’s body structure and physical capacity. * Applied Biomechanics explains how the analysis of sport technique may be used to improve athletic performance. * A Practical Example uses in-depth analysis to provide a specific case for assessment of physical capacity and biomechanics of an athlete, the intervention program and technique modification employed, and the resultant influence on the athlete’s performance. Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport covers the latest assessment techniques used by exercise and sport science specialists to evaluate human physiques, physical capacities, and sport techniques. Using this text, readers can integrate and apply the elements of body structure, body composition, assessment, physiology, and biomechanics to assess current capabilities and enhance the performance of athletes. About the Editor Timothy R. Ackland, PhD, is a professor of functional anatomy and biomechanics in the School of Exercise, Sport Science, and Health at the University of Western Australia. His research interests include the mechanics of human movement with themes spanning exercise rehabilitation, high-performance sport, and human performance in industry. Dr. Ackland has published more than 70 peer-reviewed papers as well as three academic books and 20 book chapters. Currently, Dr. Ackland is a director of Sports Medicine Australia and is on the review boards of four international journals. He recently served as the scientific chair for the fifth IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and as the 2001 conference cochair for Sports Medicine Australia in Perth. Since 1991, he has been the principal of Ackland Marshall and Associates, Ergonomics Consultants. Bruce C. Elliott, PhD, FACHPER, FASMF, FISBS, FAAKPE, is the senior biomechanist and head of the School of Human Movement and Exercise Science at the University of Western Australia. He has a keen interest in performance optimization and injury reduction in sport and has published more than 170 refereed articles, 50 refereed conference proceedings, and 40 books or book chapters in this general area. He is an editorial board member of Sports Biomechanics, Journal of Applied Biomechanics, Journal of Sports Sciences, and the International Journal of Sport and Health Sciences. Elliott is a sought-after international speaker on the application of biomechanics to sport. He was the keynote speaker at the first World Congress on Racket Sports, the first World Congress of Cricket, and the third World Congress of Medicine and Science in Tennis. A fellow of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, Sports Medicine Australia, and the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education, he was also the inaugural chair of the Western Australian Institute of Sport and inaugural vice-president of the Australian Association of Exercise and Sport Science. In addition, Elliot served as the scientific chair for the fifth IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences and was the organizer of the research projects at the Sydney 2000 Olympics. He was the president-elect of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports and sits on the coaching advisory panel of Tennis Australia and the research board of Cricket Australia. John Bloomfield, PhD, is an emeritus professor at the University of Western Australia and a former director of the Hollywood Functional Rehabilitation Clinic at Hollywood Private Hospital in Perth. He left Australia in 1960 on a Fulbright scholarship to pursue postgraduate study at the University of Oregon in the United States. After receiving his PhD in 1968, he returned to Australia to take a position at the University of Western Australia. Throughout his notable career, Bloomfield has served as president of Sports Medicine Australia, chairman of the Australian Sports Science Council, chairman of the Australian Institute of Sport, and cochairman of the Australian Sports Commission. He has authored more than 100 scientific papers and five books in sport and sport science as well as three major government reports on the development of sport in Australia. He was a National Surf Lifesaving champion and elite-level swimming coach in Australia and the United States. Bloomfield’s research interests and experiences have led him to be a highly regarded lecturer and consultant in 22 countries. In 1979, Bloomfield was awarded Citizen of the Year in Western Australia and, in 1982, he received Member of the Order of Australia. Table of Contents Part I. Fundamental Concepts Chapter 1. The Assessment and Modification Model Timothy R. Ackland, PhD, John Bloomfield, PhD, and Bruce C. Elliott, PhD The Assessment and Modification Model Sports Science Theoretical Base Observation and Assessment Comparison and Profiling Intervention Priority Modification Pedagogical Considerations Re-assessment Conclusion Chapter 2. Talent Identification and Profiling Jason P. Gulbin, PhD, and Timothy R. Ackland, PhD Talent Identification Profiling Conclusion Part II. Applied Anatomy: Assessment and Modification of Physical Capacities Chapter 3. Absolute Body Size Timothy S. Olds, PhD, and Grant R. Tomkinson, PhD The Principle of Morphological Optimization Normative Data on Absolute Body Size in Sportspeople The Physics of Absolute Body Size Secular Trends in Absolute Body Size Consequences of the Search for Size Kinanthropometric Assessment Chapter 4. Somatotype in Sport J. E. Lindsay Carter, PhD, and Timothy R. Ackland, PhD Introduction Development of Somatotype Rating Methods The Heath-Carter Anthropometric Method Somatotype and Sport Performance Desirable Body Types for High Level Performance Exceptions to the Standard Body Shape and Size Sport Selection and Somatotype Somatotype Modification Changes in Body Type During Growth Conclusion Chapter 5. Body Composition in Sport Deborah A. Kerr, PhD, and Arthur D. Stewart, PhD Introduction Factors Affecting Body Composition Body Composition Assessment Body Composition and Sports Performance Nutritional Changes to Modify Body Composition Conclusions Chapter 6. Proportionality Timothy R. Ackland, PhD, and J. Hans De Ridder, PhD Significance of Proportionality Modification in Sport Effect of Growth on Proportionality Proportionality Assessment Proportionality Applied to Sport Performance Proportionality Characteristics of Athletes Racial Characteristics Body Modification Technique Modification Conclusion Chapter 7. Posture Peter Hamer, PhD, and John Bloomfield, PhD Evolution and the Development of Posture Changes in Posture During Growth Maintenance of Posture Advantages of Good Posture Postural Diversity within Individuals Posture and its Relationship to Somatotype Postural Defects Static and Dynamic Posture Posture Assessment Desirable Postures for High Level Sport Performance Modifying Posture and Technique to Improve Performance Conclusion Chapter 8. Strength Michael McGuigan, PhD, and Nicholas Ratamess, PhD Relationship Between Strength, Power and Strength-Endurance Value of Strength in Sport Muscle Structure and Function Muscle Mechanics and Neuromuscular Considerations Factors Affecting the Development of Muscular Function Strength Assessment General Training Principles Strength Training Program Design Strength Training Methods and Techniques Strength-Endurance Training Methods Strength Training, Injuries and Injury Prevention Summary Chapter 9. Power Robert U. Newton, PhD, and William J. Kraemer, PhD Introduction Maximal Power Production Defined Why is Maximal Power Important? Factors Contributing to Maximal Power Output Performance Qualities Contributing to Power Assessment of Muscular Power Training Methods for the Development of Power Summary Chapter 10. Speed John Cronin, PhD, and Anthony J. Blazevich, PhD Introduction Neural Considerations Morphological Considerations Endocrine Considerations Biochemical Considerations Biomechanical and Anthropometric Considerations Assessing Speed Developing Speed Conclusion Chapter 11. Flexibility Patria Hume, PhD, and Duncan Reid MHSc (Hons) Definitions of Stretching and the Resulting Flexibility-Extensibility Anatomy and Physiology Components Targeted for Stretching Types of Stretching Procedure and Technique Mechanisms of Stretching Does Stretching Help Improve Sport Performance or Reduce Risk of Injury? Other Factors Can Affect the Effectiveness of Stretching and the Resulting Flexibility How do you Measure Improvement in Flexibility? Conclusions Chapter 12. Balance and Agility David Lloyd, PhD, Timothy R. Ackland, PhD, and Jodie Cochrane, PhD Factors Affecting Balance Assessing Balance Improving Balance for Sport Protection from Joint Injury Factors Affecting Agility Assessing Agility Improving Agility for Sport Conclusion Chapter 13. Modifying Physical Capacities Timothy R. Ackland, PhD, Deborah A. Kerr, PhD, and Robert U. Newton, PhD Resistance Training Guidelines Resistance Training Exercises Stretching Exercises Training Programs for Specific Sports Conclusion Part III. Biomechanics: Assessment and Modification of Sport Techniques Chapter 14. Analysis of Sports Performance Bruce Elliott, PhD, and Duane Knudson, PhD Models of Technique Analysis Qualitative or Subjective Analysis Quantitative Analysis Conclusion Chapter 15. Image Analysis in Sports Performance Jacqueline A. Alderson, PhD, and Bruce C. Elliott, PhD Background Errors in Motion Analysis Planar Video Analysis 3D Motion Analysis Data Filtering Conclusions Chapter 16. The Application of Biomechanics in the Improvement of Sport Performance Bruce C. Elliott, PhD, and Damian Farrow, PhD Instructional Approaches in Technique Modification Preparation of Athletes Involved in High-Speed Activities Biomechanical Considerations in Reducing Sporting Injury Rates Conclusion Chapter 17. Mechanics in Sport: Specific Applications Bruce C. Elliott, PhD, Timothy R. Ackland, PhD, and Jacqueline A. Alderson, PhD Balance Newton’s Laws of Motion Linking of Linear and Angular Motion Projectile Motion Momentum Moments of Force and Torque Energy Coefficient of Restitution Coordination and Summation of Body Segments Friction Centripetal Force Fluid Dynamics Part IV. Practical Example Chapter 18. A Practical Example: Pole Vault Timothy R. Ackland, PhD, Andrew Lyttle, PhD, and Bruce C. Elliott, PhD Assessment of Physical Capacity and Intervention Program Biomechanical Assessment and Technique Modification Influence on Performance